Page 389
1. What is the difference between a video game and a computer game?
Video games mean games played on televisions. Computer games are games played on a computer monitor.
2. Why did the video game market crash in the 1970s and again in the 1980s?
The 1970s crash happened because there was a glut of Pong imitations and the second-generation consoles were introduced. The 1980s crash happened because there was a glut of consoles, a price war, competition from computers and independent developers, and hastily designed and unoriginal games.
3. How have video games affected society?
Critics believe games have desensitized children to violent behavior. They also believe they perpetuate stereotypes.
4. What distinguishes the different generations of video game consoles?
Graphic improvements, better processors, new connectivity and media added
5. What technological and market trends are shaping video games today?
Console gamers' ever increasing expectations in regards to minimum technological requirements, social networking sites, games collecting revenue like blockbuster movies
Page 400
1. What are the major segments of the video game industry?
consumer electronics companies who make game gear, developers, publishers, and retailers
2. What do video game publishers do?
make copies of the game and distribute them to consumers
3. What are some genres of video games?
sports, adventure, fighting, racing, educational, platform, puzzle, role playing, strategy, music
4. How can you tell if you have a video game addiction?
If playing a game interferes with aspects of life, such as school, work, and friends.
5. What are serious video games?
Games that not only have an entertainment component, but an educational one as well.
Tuesday, May 3, 2011
Chapter 8 questions
Page 225
1. What was TV like in its Golden Age?
heavily focused on live drama anthologies and news and public affairs programs
2. How did cable television develop?
Cable companies relayed signals from major market TV stations to smaller communities. In 1972, the FCC reversed its ban on urban cable and instituted a minimum 20 channel system.
3. Why is network television in decline?
Cable, satellite, and the Internet are playing big parts in the decline.
4. How has digital technology impacted television?
It has made the picture and sound clearer. It has given rise to HDTV and multicasting.
Page 235
1. What are the Big Five media conglomerates?
Time Warner, Disney Corporation, National Entertainment/Viacom, National Entertainment/CBS, News Corp, NBC Universal/Comcast
2. Why is it hard to make a profit from network television?
They often pay huge fees for sports, production fees for entertainment shows, and multimillion-dollar salaries for on-air talent. They also pay the same taxes and operating expenses all media firs incur.
3. What is the relationship between television networks and their affiliates?
Local affiliate program directors arrange contracts with networks and syndicators and fills the broadcast schedule.
4. How do the economics of broadcast television production differ from those of cable channels?
Cable channels have revenue stream of fees built in that broadcasters don't. Thus, it is easier for cable channels to become profitable than it is for networks.
Page 243
1. Why are there so many reality shows on TV these days?
It's cheap to produce.
2. What strategies do networks use to maintain the flow of audiences between programs?
They may schedule programs of the same genre in blocks. They will have a new show follow a proven show. In some cases, an established show will be between two weaker shows. Local stations run the same show in the same time slot every day.
3. What are the current rules governing television ownership?
There is a law preventing the Big Five owning TV stations that reach more than 39 percent of the TV households.
4. How can we clean up violence and sex on television?
FCC regulations, not watch it, or advise what the program contains, and/or get annoying organizations like The American Family Association to advocate for cleaner TV
5. How diverse is television ownership?
This question requires more work than should be necessary. I may get back to it.
1. What was TV like in its Golden Age?
heavily focused on live drama anthologies and news and public affairs programs
2. How did cable television develop?
Cable companies relayed signals from major market TV stations to smaller communities. In 1972, the FCC reversed its ban on urban cable and instituted a minimum 20 channel system.
3. Why is network television in decline?
Cable, satellite, and the Internet are playing big parts in the decline.
4. How has digital technology impacted television?
It has made the picture and sound clearer. It has given rise to HDTV and multicasting.
Page 235
1. What are the Big Five media conglomerates?
Time Warner, Disney Corporation, National Entertainment/Viacom, National Entertainment/CBS, News Corp, NBC Universal/Comcast
2. Why is it hard to make a profit from network television?
They often pay huge fees for sports, production fees for entertainment shows, and multimillion-dollar salaries for on-air talent. They also pay the same taxes and operating expenses all media firs incur.
3. What is the relationship between television networks and their affiliates?
Local affiliate program directors arrange contracts with networks and syndicators and fills the broadcast schedule.
4. How do the economics of broadcast television production differ from those of cable channels?
Cable channels have revenue stream of fees built in that broadcasters don't. Thus, it is easier for cable channels to become profitable than it is for networks.
Page 243
1. Why are there so many reality shows on TV these days?
It's cheap to produce.
2. What strategies do networks use to maintain the flow of audiences between programs?
They may schedule programs of the same genre in blocks. They will have a new show follow a proven show. In some cases, an established show will be between two weaker shows. Local stations run the same show in the same time slot every day.
3. What are the current rules governing television ownership?
There is a law preventing the Big Five owning TV stations that reach more than 39 percent of the TV households.
4. How can we clean up violence and sex on television?
FCC regulations, not watch it, or advise what the program contains, and/or get annoying organizations like The American Family Association to advocate for cleaner TV
5. How diverse is television ownership?
This question requires more work than should be necessary. I may get back to it.
Monday, May 2, 2011
Chapter 7 questions
Page 190
1. What was the studio system?
A system where few movie studio executives dictated the decisions that drove the industry. It used stars as a way to promote films.
2. Which were the main studios?
Paramount, Loews/MGM, Warner Brothers, Fox, and RKO
3. What were some of the main silent film genres?
Westerns, war movies, horror, romances/love stories, physical comedies, historical costume dramas, documentaries, action/adventure, melodramas
4. What genres came in with talking films? Which were prominent in the 1930s and 1940s?
crime dramas, animation, character studies, detective movies, suspense/monster, horror, film noir, serials; film noir, westerns, and crime dramas
5. Why did studios want to own their own distributors and movie theater chains? Why did federal regulators force the studios to divest themselves of their movie theater chains in 1948?
It was more profitable because they did not have to pay separate agencies to perform these duties. The government felt the studios were becoming too powerful.
6 How did the movie industry compete with television?
At first, they tried to compete directly for viewers. Then, once the studios realize they couldn't win, they started airing television specials and selling programming for television.
Page 198
1. Who developed the basics of film camera and projector technology?
Thomas Edison
2. How does movie sound work?
Sound is recorded on an optical track right on the film. This is transferred through various means (too scientific for me) that go to an amplifier which is then fed to a theater's speakers.
3. How was movie image quality improved?
Everything was transitioned to digital, which provides better quality.
4. How have special effects in film developed?
At first, it was due to camera techniques that created optical illusions. Now computers, as they are being upgraded, are producing better special effects.
5. What will be the impact of high definition and 3-D on film technology and business?
Because of the nature of the technology and how popular it is, theaters charge more for 3-D movies. This will initially increase business, but 3-D may be a fad. If it passes, studios may lose money.
Page 200
1. How do independent filmmakers differ from studios?
Independent filmmakers generally struggle for distribution. Many independent films are distributed directly to DVD. Special festivals, such as the Sundance Festival, showcase independent movies.
2. What is currently the typical distribution cycle of a film?
windows for different forms of media
3. What has been the effect of home video on the movie industry?
It has taken away from theater ticket sales.
Page 207
1. What movie genres are most dominant now?
comedy, drama, horror, science fiction, classics, family, western, animation, etc.
2. How are films targeted to audience segments now?
select theater distributions to create buzz and targeted to a specific age
3. Why were film ratings developed? What are the pros and cons of ratings?
to give people an idea of what they might encounter in a film and to avoid outside regulation; pros: as stated, it gives people an idea of what the movie contains, cons: has the unintended effect of encouraging younger viewers to want to see the movie
4. How has audience segmentation changed film production?
Studios started aiming toward specific audience traits, such as race, age, and gender.
5. What copyright and piracy problems does the film industry face?
illegal copying and downloading
1. What was the studio system?
A system where few movie studio executives dictated the decisions that drove the industry. It used stars as a way to promote films.
2. Which were the main studios?
Paramount, Loews/MGM, Warner Brothers, Fox, and RKO
3. What were some of the main silent film genres?
Westerns, war movies, horror, romances/love stories, physical comedies, historical costume dramas, documentaries, action/adventure, melodramas
4. What genres came in with talking films? Which were prominent in the 1930s and 1940s?
crime dramas, animation, character studies, detective movies, suspense/monster, horror, film noir, serials; film noir, westerns, and crime dramas
5. Why did studios want to own their own distributors and movie theater chains? Why did federal regulators force the studios to divest themselves of their movie theater chains in 1948?
It was more profitable because they did not have to pay separate agencies to perform these duties. The government felt the studios were becoming too powerful.
6 How did the movie industry compete with television?
At first, they tried to compete directly for viewers. Then, once the studios realize they couldn't win, they started airing television specials and selling programming for television.
Page 198
1. Who developed the basics of film camera and projector technology?
Thomas Edison
2. How does movie sound work?
Sound is recorded on an optical track right on the film. This is transferred through various means (too scientific for me) that go to an amplifier which is then fed to a theater's speakers.
3. How was movie image quality improved?
Everything was transitioned to digital, which provides better quality.
4. How have special effects in film developed?
At first, it was due to camera techniques that created optical illusions. Now computers, as they are being upgraded, are producing better special effects.
5. What will be the impact of high definition and 3-D on film technology and business?
Because of the nature of the technology and how popular it is, theaters charge more for 3-D movies. This will initially increase business, but 3-D may be a fad. If it passes, studios may lose money.
Page 200
1. How do independent filmmakers differ from studios?
Independent filmmakers generally struggle for distribution. Many independent films are distributed directly to DVD. Special festivals, such as the Sundance Festival, showcase independent movies.
2. What is currently the typical distribution cycle of a film?
windows for different forms of media
3. What has been the effect of home video on the movie industry?
It has taken away from theater ticket sales.
Page 207
1. What movie genres are most dominant now?
comedy, drama, horror, science fiction, classics, family, western, animation, etc.
2. How are films targeted to audience segments now?
select theater distributions to create buzz and targeted to a specific age
3. Why were film ratings developed? What are the pros and cons of ratings?
to give people an idea of what they might encounter in a film and to avoid outside regulation; pros: as stated, it gives people an idea of what the movie contains, cons: has the unintended effect of encouraging younger viewers to want to see the movie
4. How has audience segmentation changed film production?
Studios started aiming toward specific audience traits, such as race, age, and gender.
5. What copyright and piracy problems does the film industry face?
illegal copying and downloading
Monday, April 18, 2011
First video games
I remember playing several games on my dad's Atari 2600. The games I remember most are tennis and Breakout. I remember playing several other games besides those, but I can't remember their names.
My first game system I owned was an original Game Boy. The first game I remember playing on it was a game called Battle Bull. It was a maze-type game where you could manipulate the blocks that acted as the environment. You could also destroy stuff.
I used to be a much more serious gamer in my youth. Compared to many people, I guess I'm still a pretty serious player, but not nearly as much as other people. Now, I mostly just play sports games and whatever blockbuster games that I'm interested in.
My first game system I owned was an original Game Boy. The first game I remember playing on it was a game called Battle Bull. It was a maze-type game where you could manipulate the blocks that acted as the environment. You could also destroy stuff.
I used to be a much more serious gamer in my youth. Compared to many people, I guess I'm still a pretty serious player, but not nearly as much as other people. Now, I mostly just play sports games and whatever blockbuster games that I'm interested in.
Friday, April 1, 2011
Looney Tunes- Pronoun Trouble
I've been watching Looney Tunes lately. The video I'm sharing is a snippet from one of the most classic Looney Tunes cartoons. Even if you may not have seen this particular cartoon, you've probably have seen Looney Tunes before. If not, then I pity you.
Anyway, while the video may not have cutting edge new media elements (it was produced in the 1950s, after all), there is a line that appeals to English majors, which I've given away in the title.
Without further ado, I present and beg you to watch the video:
Anyway, while the video may not have cutting edge new media elements (it was produced in the 1950s, after all), there is a line that appeals to English majors, which I've given away in the title.
Without further ado, I present and beg you to watch the video:
Friday, March 25, 2011
People's TV habits
(Disclaimer: After I wrote this, I noticed there were more responses to the discussion board. Since I didn't see these before I finished writing, I only wrote about four people's opinions.)
I see that most people (Jacki, Aneshia, me) have a DVR, while Angie relies on Netflix.
As far as the writer's strike, three of us thought it greatly affected the content on the TV. A couple of people thought that dragged down the writing of Heroes and Lost. To me, I thought the first season of Heroes was compelling. The second season lost luster. The third season had a terrible first half (note to writers, never send your characters to Africa for an extended period) but I thought the second half of the third season recaptured the sense of pace and excitement that the first season of the show had. I got too busy to watch the fourth season. I don't think that writer's strike was the reason for Heroes degrading in quality. I just think they ran out of creative ideas. As for Lost, while I don't remember that point in the series well, I don't remember it being too much of a difference in quality overall to the series. Sorry if this response seems too long-winded, but at one time these were two of my favorite TV shows, so I have big opinions regarding them.
As far as how many hours we watched, a couple of us (Angie and me) could watch a bunch in short spurts and then not watch very much at other times. Jacki watched a lot of TV. Aneshia didn't watch much TV until bed.
I maintained that shows usually had a cliffhanger to encourage a person to watch commercials in order to get the next segment of show. Aneshia is not enthralled by commercials, using that time to do something else. Jacki and Angie are seeing ads embedded into sites like The NY Times and YouTube.
Angie solely uses Netflix as her TV, so everything she watches is online. I mostly use Netflix except for the occasional TV show. Jacki only watches online sparingly. Aneshia does not watch online.
I believe cable as we know it will become obsolete. Instead we'll opt for a selective channel system. Jacki theorizes that as video games become more mainstream, more channels dedicated to them will pop up. Angie believes that there are already too many choices, which can drive away people like her from the TV. Aneshia has no opinion.
I don't like reality TV and have a hard time seeing the appeal of it. Angie doesn't watch it, but can see the appeal. Jacki said that the genre is okay, but that they lack substance. Aneshia is the most devoted watcher of all of us, with the three shows she watches taking up Thursday night.
I see that most people (Jacki, Aneshia, me) have a DVR, while Angie relies on Netflix.
As far as the writer's strike, three of us thought it greatly affected the content on the TV. A couple of people thought that dragged down the writing of Heroes and Lost. To me, I thought the first season of Heroes was compelling. The second season lost luster. The third season had a terrible first half (note to writers, never send your characters to Africa for an extended period) but I thought the second half of the third season recaptured the sense of pace and excitement that the first season of the show had. I got too busy to watch the fourth season. I don't think that writer's strike was the reason for Heroes degrading in quality. I just think they ran out of creative ideas. As for Lost, while I don't remember that point in the series well, I don't remember it being too much of a difference in quality overall to the series. Sorry if this response seems too long-winded, but at one time these were two of my favorite TV shows, so I have big opinions regarding them.
As far as how many hours we watched, a couple of us (Angie and me) could watch a bunch in short spurts and then not watch very much at other times. Jacki watched a lot of TV. Aneshia didn't watch much TV until bed.
I maintained that shows usually had a cliffhanger to encourage a person to watch commercials in order to get the next segment of show. Aneshia is not enthralled by commercials, using that time to do something else. Jacki and Angie are seeing ads embedded into sites like The NY Times and YouTube.
Angie solely uses Netflix as her TV, so everything she watches is online. I mostly use Netflix except for the occasional TV show. Jacki only watches online sparingly. Aneshia does not watch online.
I believe cable as we know it will become obsolete. Instead we'll opt for a selective channel system. Jacki theorizes that as video games become more mainstream, more channels dedicated to them will pop up. Angie believes that there are already too many choices, which can drive away people like her from the TV. Aneshia has no opinion.
I don't like reality TV and have a hard time seeing the appeal of it. Angie doesn't watch it, but can see the appeal. Jacki said that the genre is okay, but that they lack substance. Aneshia is the most devoted watcher of all of us, with the three shows she watches taking up Thursday night.
Tuesday, March 15, 2011
My Theater Experiences
Probably the first movie I can remember knowing the title of was The Lion King. Although I know I've been to the theater several times before that. I just can't remember the movies. I know they were cartoons, probably from Disney.
My most memorable movie experiences occurred back in March 2006. At that time, the Brookings theater was showing The Hills Have Eyes and V for Vendetta simultaneously. V for Vendetta kept me engaged for the duration of the movie, a rare feat for a movie to do. I found it very entertaining yet philosophical. Also, there is no way for Natalie Portman to not look attractive, even is she shaved her head.
I really liked how The Hills Have Eyes divided itself into two parts. The first hour was intense and creepy wondering how the characters would survive. After the trailer scene, it became a revenge movie. It achieved that rare sensation of adrenaline running through my body that only the best action movies can do (some other examples are The Rock, RoboCop, and Taken). In short, it made me feel all masculine.
These two movies remain two of my favorite movies. For them to be shown in the same time period provided me an entertaining and memorable weekend.
My most memorable movie experiences occurred back in March 2006. At that time, the Brookings theater was showing The Hills Have Eyes and V for Vendetta simultaneously. V for Vendetta kept me engaged for the duration of the movie, a rare feat for a movie to do. I found it very entertaining yet philosophical. Also, there is no way for Natalie Portman to not look attractive, even is she shaved her head.
I really liked how The Hills Have Eyes divided itself into two parts. The first hour was intense and creepy wondering how the characters would survive. After the trailer scene, it became a revenge movie. It achieved that rare sensation of adrenaline running through my body that only the best action movies can do (some other examples are The Rock, RoboCop, and Taken). In short, it made me feel all masculine.
These two movies remain two of my favorite movies. For them to be shown in the same time period provided me an entertaining and memorable weekend.
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
Chapter 6 questions
Page 162
1. How did advertising come to dominate radio economics?
When the FCC forced NBC to sell off its second network (which became ABC), this allowed radio to become a stronger medium for information. Money spent on radio ads doubled, surpassing the expenditures of newspapers. This money made radio a profitable medium.
2. What kind of regulation was necessary to develop technically?
Radio Act of 1912
3. What kinds of programming characterized radio networks in the 1930s-1940s? Why did they decline?
News reports, especially those that relayed information from London during World War II; propaganda; television became a mass medium and the networks focused their resources on developing television networks
4. How did radio formats change after the decline of radio networks?
The radio focus became local instead of national, which made for cheaper operation. Recorded music, news, and talk radio developed on these localized formats.
5. How did FM radio and 1960s-1970s music genres affect each other?
Since there were many FM stations, those stations could specialize in certain genres and subgenres. In turn, those genres gave FM stations an identity.
6. Why did radio station ownership concentrate in the 1990s?
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 allowed radio station groups to buy many more stations and become much larger.
7. How do new technologies like webcasts, smartphone apps, and podcasts affect broadcast radio?
They divert the local radio audience into finding more specific mediums to satiate their musical tastes.
Page 176
1. What kinds of radio networks exist now?
non-commercial radio, satellite radio, internet radio, and high definition radio
2. How are radio formats related to music genres?
Radio formats adjust to the changing audience and their preferred music genres.
3. What are the target audiences for some of the main radio formats?
FM radio stations target old and middle ages with oldies, middle and younger crowds with rock and other genres from that time (1970s-1980s), young people with 1990s and 2000s music.
AM stations cater to those that live in small towns with country, religious, and talk radio. Other AM stations can cater to minorities, such as Latinos.
4. Why does the concentration of radio ownership cause concern?
Less diverse music gets played because concentrated ownership of stations means more standardized formats.
5. What copyright challenges are raised by Internet radio and podcasting?
People illegally recording music played on these stations and then copy it so others can have it, therefore leaving the artist uncompensated.
1. How did advertising come to dominate radio economics?
When the FCC forced NBC to sell off its second network (which became ABC), this allowed radio to become a stronger medium for information. Money spent on radio ads doubled, surpassing the expenditures of newspapers. This money made radio a profitable medium.
2. What kind of regulation was necessary to develop technically?
Radio Act of 1912
3. What kinds of programming characterized radio networks in the 1930s-1940s? Why did they decline?
News reports, especially those that relayed information from London during World War II; propaganda; television became a mass medium and the networks focused their resources on developing television networks
4. How did radio formats change after the decline of radio networks?
The radio focus became local instead of national, which made for cheaper operation. Recorded music, news, and talk radio developed on these localized formats.
5. How did FM radio and 1960s-1970s music genres affect each other?
Since there were many FM stations, those stations could specialize in certain genres and subgenres. In turn, those genres gave FM stations an identity.
6. Why did radio station ownership concentrate in the 1990s?
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 allowed radio station groups to buy many more stations and become much larger.
7. How do new technologies like webcasts, smartphone apps, and podcasts affect broadcast radio?
They divert the local radio audience into finding more specific mediums to satiate their musical tastes.
Page 176
1. What kinds of radio networks exist now?
non-commercial radio, satellite radio, internet radio, and high definition radio
2. How are radio formats related to music genres?
Radio formats adjust to the changing audience and their preferred music genres.
3. What are the target audiences for some of the main radio formats?
FM radio stations target old and middle ages with oldies, middle and younger crowds with rock and other genres from that time (1970s-1980s), young people with 1990s and 2000s music.
AM stations cater to those that live in small towns with country, religious, and talk radio. Other AM stations can cater to minorities, such as Latinos.
4. Why does the concentration of radio ownership cause concern?
Less diverse music gets played because concentrated ownership of stations means more standardized formats.
5. What copyright challenges are raised by Internet radio and podcasting?
People illegally recording music played on these stations and then copy it so others can have it, therefore leaving the artist uncompensated.
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
Chapter 5 questions
Page 135
1. How did music genres evolve from earlier music traditions?
Genres build on regional music to cater to a specific audience, such as Southern gospel, blues, and bluegrass. Genres can also evolve when two different types of music blend. Country music formed from a combination of bluegrass, gospel, western, and western swing.
2. What are the major genres and traditions that fed into rock and roll?
blues, country, western swing, and rockabilly
3. How did record/CD sales and radio affect each other over time?
The 45 rpm record provided a way for radio stations to play a hit song without needing the entire album. In return, not only did radio play move people to buy the 45 single, but they also bought the 33 1/3 full albums, and later, CDs.
4.What has led the segmentation of rock into sub-genres since the 1960s?
Segmented radio stations allow for new artists to create new genres within rock, such as punk.
5. What has been the impact of MP3s and Internet music downloads on the recording industry?
New artists continue to emerge. In the days of Napster, record companies suffered financial losses as people opted not to pay for downloads. In the days of iTunes, record companies are seeing healthy profits as people are willing to pay a small amount to buy a song.
Page 144
1. How has the digitization of recording formats affected the industry?
New artists and genres continue to emerge. Another revenue stream opened for record companies with digital downloads.
2. What is the relationship between recordings, labels, and major music companies?
Music companies own the labels, who own the recordings along with artists.
3. What is the impact of record clubs and major retailers like Wal-Mart on the music industry? What about online retailers like iTunes?
Back when physical media was the undisputed format, Wal-Mart only carried CDs that had no offensive language as a result of a court case. This caused artists to change lyrics in their songs in order to have their albums sold at Wal-Mart. Clubs, such as BMG, sold CDs either through mail or Internet catalogs. That format is dying. Now iTunes is overtaking Wal-Mart as the top dog with its digital download system.
4. What copyright challenges are raised by Internet music technologies?
The struggle by record companies and some artists to limit piracy in order to keep being compensated for their labor.
1. How did music genres evolve from earlier music traditions?
Genres build on regional music to cater to a specific audience, such as Southern gospel, blues, and bluegrass. Genres can also evolve when two different types of music blend. Country music formed from a combination of bluegrass, gospel, western, and western swing.
2. What are the major genres and traditions that fed into rock and roll?
blues, country, western swing, and rockabilly
3. How did record/CD sales and radio affect each other over time?
The 45 rpm record provided a way for radio stations to play a hit song without needing the entire album. In return, not only did radio play move people to buy the 45 single, but they also bought the 33 1/3 full albums, and later, CDs.
4.What has led the segmentation of rock into sub-genres since the 1960s?
Segmented radio stations allow for new artists to create new genres within rock, such as punk.
5. What has been the impact of MP3s and Internet music downloads on the recording industry?
New artists continue to emerge. In the days of Napster, record companies suffered financial losses as people opted not to pay for downloads. In the days of iTunes, record companies are seeing healthy profits as people are willing to pay a small amount to buy a song.
Page 144
1. How has the digitization of recording formats affected the industry?
New artists and genres continue to emerge. Another revenue stream opened for record companies with digital downloads.
2. What is the relationship between recordings, labels, and major music companies?
Music companies own the labels, who own the recordings along with artists.
3. What is the impact of record clubs and major retailers like Wal-Mart on the music industry? What about online retailers like iTunes?
Back when physical media was the undisputed format, Wal-Mart only carried CDs that had no offensive language as a result of a court case. This caused artists to change lyrics in their songs in order to have their albums sold at Wal-Mart. Clubs, such as BMG, sold CDs either through mail or Internet catalogs. That format is dying. Now iTunes is overtaking Wal-Mart as the top dog with its digital download system.
4. What copyright challenges are raised by Internet music technologies?
The struggle by record companies and some artists to limit piracy in order to keep being compensated for their labor.
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
Chapter 4 questions
Page 95
1. What case established the precedent for freedom of the press in colonial America?
John Peter Zenger v. British governor of New York over a critical piece
2. What was the Penny Press? What led to it?
The Penny Press published daily newspapers that sold for a penny. Technological innovations allowed papers to be produced at a lower cost for broader audiences. Also, poor people were a relatively untapped market for readership. Newspapers used to be aimed at the middle to upper class.
3. What are the differences between new journalism and yellow journalism?
New journalism focused on sensationalizing gossip about people. Yellow journalism sensationalized national events in order to rally people behind a cause, such as going to war with Spain over the explosion of the USS Maine.
4. What effect did the telegraph have on newspapers?
Wire services, such as the Associated Press, formed.
5. How did wire services influence a change in the newspaper business?
This allowed newspapers to lower their costs, add more general-interest material, and appeal to a wider audience. Another side effect was that news became more objective.
Page 103
1. What was the impact of Watergate on American journalism?
It created the "watchdog" culture for newspapers against the American government.
2. What are the main recent trends in newspaper delivery technologies?
Present in a form readable on new technologies such as smartphones and iPads. Allow for customization to cater to people's tastes. Some reporters also use Twitter for news developments.
3. What is the impact of the Internet on newspapers?
Established papers have online editions and there are Internet-only papers.
4. How has the Internet affected newspaper advertising?
Advertisers have transferred more of their resources from the newspapers to the Internet.
Page 118
1. What are the main sections and content of newspapers?
international news, national news, local news, editorial and commentary, sports, business, lifestyles, entertainment, comics, and classified advertising; depending on the type of newspaper (local, regional, or national), some papers can emphasize certain sections.
2. Is there still a mass audience for newspapers?
Yes
3. What are the main concerns about consolidation in the newspaper industry?
Wire services, such as the AP, will see more of their stories in the paper. While this increases awareness to important news in the world, it also decreases coverage of local events. This sacrifice would make the newspaper feel less personal.
4. Why should we worry about conglomerates?
Since conglomerates are big corporations, they own many media types. If the media is owned by conglomerates, this means differing viewpoints will shrink. The conglomerate can also provide a bigger spin on their story and use their financial resources to promote their viewpoint.
5. What are the main ethical issues for newspaper reporters?
plagiarism, fabrication, and anonymous sources
1. What case established the precedent for freedom of the press in colonial America?
John Peter Zenger v. British governor of New York over a critical piece
2. What was the Penny Press? What led to it?
The Penny Press published daily newspapers that sold for a penny. Technological innovations allowed papers to be produced at a lower cost for broader audiences. Also, poor people were a relatively untapped market for readership. Newspapers used to be aimed at the middle to upper class.
3. What are the differences between new journalism and yellow journalism?
New journalism focused on sensationalizing gossip about people. Yellow journalism sensationalized national events in order to rally people behind a cause, such as going to war with Spain over the explosion of the USS Maine.
4. What effect did the telegraph have on newspapers?
Wire services, such as the Associated Press, formed.
5. How did wire services influence a change in the newspaper business?
This allowed newspapers to lower their costs, add more general-interest material, and appeal to a wider audience. Another side effect was that news became more objective.
Page 103
1. What was the impact of Watergate on American journalism?
It created the "watchdog" culture for newspapers against the American government.
2. What are the main recent trends in newspaper delivery technologies?
Present in a form readable on new technologies such as smartphones and iPads. Allow for customization to cater to people's tastes. Some reporters also use Twitter for news developments.
3. What is the impact of the Internet on newspapers?
Established papers have online editions and there are Internet-only papers.
4. How has the Internet affected newspaper advertising?
Advertisers have transferred more of their resources from the newspapers to the Internet.
Page 118
1. What are the main sections and content of newspapers?
international news, national news, local news, editorial and commentary, sports, business, lifestyles, entertainment, comics, and classified advertising; depending on the type of newspaper (local, regional, or national), some papers can emphasize certain sections.
2. Is there still a mass audience for newspapers?
Yes
3. What are the main concerns about consolidation in the newspaper industry?
Wire services, such as the AP, will see more of their stories in the paper. While this increases awareness to important news in the world, it also decreases coverage of local events. This sacrifice would make the newspaper feel less personal.
4. Why should we worry about conglomerates?
Since conglomerates are big corporations, they own many media types. If the media is owned by conglomerates, this means differing viewpoints will shrink. The conglomerate can also provide a bigger spin on their story and use their financial resources to promote their viewpoint.
5. What are the main ethical issues for newspaper reporters?
plagiarism, fabrication, and anonymous sources
Chapter 3 questions
Page 63
1. What key elements of print media developed first outside Europe?
The Chinese put together a metal, clay, and wooden press. Korea developed movable metal type in 1234
2. What was the impact of printing in Europe?
Gutenburg's press allowed many mass media forms (books, handbills, newsletters, etc.) at a much faster rate with a much lower cost
3. Why and how did magazines develop?
The development of the U.S. Postal system achieved the point of reliable delivery. People appreciated literature as a form of knowledge. These two events allowed magazines to develop.
4. What was the role of the print media in the Civil War?
Books, such as Uncle Tom's Cabin, served as propaganda for people to rally around the cause of abolitionism. Magazines illustrated battle scenes with woodcuts that was integrated with a news story.
5. What was "muckraking"?
A journalistic form that sensationalizes stories for a corruption and scandal edge.
Page 71
1. When did magazines peak as a medium for mass audiences?
The 1920s, before the advent of radio.
2. What form have magazines taken as modern mass media?
Focusing less on general audiences and more on specialized interests.
3. What is a recent trend in magazine delivery?
E-magazines
4. What is a recent trend in print production?
Digital books, such as the Amazon Kindle, iPad, Sony E-Reader, etc.
Page 82
1. What are the main trends in book publishing?
Selling more copies of fewer books. Small publishers have to find a niche, such as being focused on Christian, academic, or political publications.
2. What could happen if the book industry becomes monopolized?
Less diverse genres get released because they might not be profitable.
3. What types of magazines are successful?
Specialized interest magazines
4. What are the main copyright issues for print media?
The continual greying of the line between fair use and stealing.
1. What key elements of print media developed first outside Europe?
The Chinese put together a metal, clay, and wooden press. Korea developed movable metal type in 1234
2. What was the impact of printing in Europe?
Gutenburg's press allowed many mass media forms (books, handbills, newsletters, etc.) at a much faster rate with a much lower cost
3. Why and how did magazines develop?
The development of the U.S. Postal system achieved the point of reliable delivery. People appreciated literature as a form of knowledge. These two events allowed magazines to develop.
4. What was the role of the print media in the Civil War?
Books, such as Uncle Tom's Cabin, served as propaganda for people to rally around the cause of abolitionism. Magazines illustrated battle scenes with woodcuts that was integrated with a news story.
5. What was "muckraking"?
A journalistic form that sensationalizes stories for a corruption and scandal edge.
Page 71
1. When did magazines peak as a medium for mass audiences?
The 1920s, before the advent of radio.
2. What form have magazines taken as modern mass media?
Focusing less on general audiences and more on specialized interests.
3. What is a recent trend in magazine delivery?
E-magazines
4. What is a recent trend in print production?
Digital books, such as the Amazon Kindle, iPad, Sony E-Reader, etc.
Page 82
1. What are the main trends in book publishing?
Selling more copies of fewer books. Small publishers have to find a niche, such as being focused on Christian, academic, or political publications.
2. What could happen if the book industry becomes monopolized?
Less diverse genres get released because they might not be profitable.
3. What types of magazines are successful?
Specialized interest magazines
4. What are the main copyright issues for print media?
The continual greying of the line between fair use and stealing.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
Madison Daily Leader
I'll be honest, I'm impressed that the Madison paper is still a daily. I figured that with a town of 5,000 or so and the newspaper industry falling on hard times, the Madison Daily Leader would have to cut back in some way. Perhaps they have. I don't know anything about the Daily Leader, so it's not my place to comment too much about it. I noticed they use a lot of AP national stories to fill it in. This does not bother me as much as it might other people. They have to fill copy in some way if they wish to put out a substantial product.
As for their site, I actually prefer it to the Argus Leader's. They offer previews for stories in each section, which is an improvement over the Argus. The one thing I think they could improve on is allowing their page to fill more of the window. I run a full screen window, and right now their site takes up only half of it. They don't necessarily have to fill all of it, but three-fourths would be nice.
I do question the decision to have a free site that complements their paper. I have criticized all papers for doing this, although I do like that The St. Louis Post-Dispatch and The New York Times provide me with free baseball news and research material, respectively. In a small town like Madison, I would think every possible subscription would be necessary. Again, as I have mentioned before, I do not anything about the inner workings of the Daily Leader. So perhaps this is a business model that doesn't do any harm.
As for their site, I actually prefer it to the Argus Leader's. They offer previews for stories in each section, which is an improvement over the Argus. The one thing I think they could improve on is allowing their page to fill more of the window. I run a full screen window, and right now their site takes up only half of it. They don't necessarily have to fill all of it, but three-fourths would be nice.
I do question the decision to have a free site that complements their paper. I have criticized all papers for doing this, although I do like that The St. Louis Post-Dispatch and The New York Times provide me with free baseball news and research material, respectively. In a small town like Madison, I would think every possible subscription would be necessary. Again, as I have mentioned before, I do not anything about the inner workings of the Daily Leader. So perhaps this is a business model that doesn't do any harm.
Argus Leader paper and website
Maybe it's just because my family has had an Argus Leader subscription for as long as I can remember, but I like their paper better than their website. The paper seems laid out in a nice, orderly fashion. I've always been impressed to the length they go to to cover a regional story. This is especially evident in the sports section. Now I don't care about SDSU sports and USD sports because I don't care about Division 1AA. However, there are many who do, and the Argus Leader recognizes this and prominently features them. They do the same for minor league teams such as the Stampede, Canaries, and the Skyforce.
If you don't appreciate the lengths the Argus Leader goes for the local sports teams, just take a look at the Omaha World-Herald's sports section during baseball season. Omaha has the Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals. Triple-A baseball is just one step below the majors. What page does that land them on? Page 6, behind the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, who are in the offseason. In short, the Argus Leader knows where its priorities lie.
About the one major criticism I have with the Argus Leader is the Life section being in tabloid form. Here, the layout prevents the section from flowing easily from one story to the next. Also, their ads take up too much space in that section. Perhaps they concentrate the ads in that section to allow the other sections to have more space for news.
As for their website, it is basic. In most cases, I prefer basic. However, this feels too basic. The site is designed that only one story in each subsection gets a picture and a preview. The one picture aspect is fine and ideal. I wish there was a one sentence preview for every story. If not every story, then maybe the top 3.
All in all, I like the Argus Leader. They know who their audience is and they usually provide an objective viewpoint.
If you don't appreciate the lengths the Argus Leader goes for the local sports teams, just take a look at the Omaha World-Herald's sports section during baseball season. Omaha has the Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals. Triple-A baseball is just one step below the majors. What page does that land them on? Page 6, behind the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, who are in the offseason. In short, the Argus Leader knows where its priorities lie.
About the one major criticism I have with the Argus Leader is the Life section being in tabloid form. Here, the layout prevents the section from flowing easily from one story to the next. Also, their ads take up too much space in that section. Perhaps they concentrate the ads in that section to allow the other sections to have more space for news.
As for their website, it is basic. In most cases, I prefer basic. However, this feels too basic. The site is designed that only one story in each subsection gets a picture and a preview. The one picture aspect is fine and ideal. I wish there was a one sentence preview for every story. If not every story, then maybe the top 3.
All in all, I like the Argus Leader. They know who their audience is and they usually provide an objective viewpoint.
Monday, February 14, 2011
Newspaper Experience
As the son of the editor of The Arlington Sun, I'm well acquainted with the world of newspapers. I know that producing a paper is much more difficult than a lot of people think it is. I also know that if you want frequent favorable coverage, be nice to your newspaper man.
I've had some actual experience with stuff getting published in The Arlington Sun. In my junior and senior year of high school, I wrote senior features. I'll inflate my ego here and say they were quite good in comparison with the features written by other people. They have even drawn the attention of such people as the top aide in Tim Johnson's Sioux Falls office, who has described them as Lovecraftian, a reference to H.P. Lovecraft. There, now I'll get off my high horse.
As far as papers I read, I suppose I do read the Argus Leader occasionally because my family subscribes to it. However, I'm not as interested as I should be in regional news.
Whenever my dad and I go to Brookings, he usually stops to buy a copy of the USA Today. This is the main paper I read because it's national. Their baseball coverage gets heavily scrutinized by me because that's part of the fun of being an avid baseball fan. Also I'm very interested in national news, so the USA Today is the paper that provides the best fit to my interests.
As far as the future of newspapers, I know they are dying. This makes me somewhat sad because I have fond memories of sitting at a restaurant and reading them. At the same time, I realize the evolution of news lies with the Internet. Still, for as much as I like the iPad, I find it to be a pain to carry it around everywhere. It would also be more cumbersome to eat and read at the same time.
I've had some actual experience with stuff getting published in The Arlington Sun. In my junior and senior year of high school, I wrote senior features. I'll inflate my ego here and say they were quite good in comparison with the features written by other people. They have even drawn the attention of such people as the top aide in Tim Johnson's Sioux Falls office, who has described them as Lovecraftian, a reference to H.P. Lovecraft. There, now I'll get off my high horse.
As far as papers I read, I suppose I do read the Argus Leader occasionally because my family subscribes to it. However, I'm not as interested as I should be in regional news.
Whenever my dad and I go to Brookings, he usually stops to buy a copy of the USA Today. This is the main paper I read because it's national. Their baseball coverage gets heavily scrutinized by me because that's part of the fun of being an avid baseball fan. Also I'm very interested in national news, so the USA Today is the paper that provides the best fit to my interests.
As far as the future of newspapers, I know they are dying. This makes me somewhat sad because I have fond memories of sitting at a restaurant and reading them. At the same time, I realize the evolution of news lies with the Internet. Still, for as much as I like the iPad, I find it to be a pain to carry it around everywhere. It would also be more cumbersome to eat and read at the same time.
Wednesday, February 9, 2011
Blog traffic
In looking at my traffic, I noticed some interesting, and exciting, sources. While my traffic is not very high, it comes from exotic places.
In the last week of traffic by country, I got a handful of views from the United States. I assume that location would be here in this class. While I like and thank you for the page views, this segment is boring compared to the others.
I noticed I had four page views from the United Kingdom. This was fun to discover, as it meant that I definitely had traffic outside of the class. Also I find the idea that a British person (or people) has viewed my blog to be quite exciting. I was tickled to discover this before something else topped it.
The third country with traffic that has viewed my blog was Singapore. ****ing Singapore! I mean the asterisks in an excited way. Regardless, you know what this means?
I'm goin' global.
In the last week of traffic by country, I got a handful of views from the United States. I assume that location would be here in this class. While I like and thank you for the page views, this segment is boring compared to the others.
I noticed I had four page views from the United Kingdom. This was fun to discover, as it meant that I definitely had traffic outside of the class. Also I find the idea that a British person (or people) has viewed my blog to be quite exciting. I was tickled to discover this before something else topped it.
The third country with traffic that has viewed my blog was Singapore. ****ing Singapore! I mean the asterisks in an excited way. Regardless, you know what this means?
I'm goin' global.
Monday, February 7, 2011
Super Bowl commercials
I watched the Super Bowl and most of the commercials. I do not really remember the critically acclaimed commercials like the Detroit Eminem commercial or Darth Vader. After viewing them in class today, they really did not do anything for me. Of course, I instinctively run away from anything that features kids and rappers, so I had some prejudices before these commercials.
As for the Tibet one, my first thought was: Who is Timothy Hutton? It may have been a more effective ad if they had a more prominent celebrity. As it is, I'm still a bad person for not caring too much about what happens in Tibet.
My favorite commercial was the Pepsi Max commercial that provided insight into the minds of a guy and a girl on a date. Here is the video:
As for the Tibet one, my first thought was: Who is Timothy Hutton? It may have been a more effective ad if they had a more prominent celebrity. As it is, I'm still a bad person for not caring too much about what happens in Tibet.
My favorite commercial was the Pepsi Max commercial that provided insight into the minds of a guy and a girl on a date. Here is the video:
Wednesday, February 2, 2011
Chapter 2
Page 37
1. What are economies of scale?
Costs go down while production increases.
2. Why is the first copy of a mass-media production expensive?
On the first run, demand is usually higher than supply. Thus, a company can charge more for a new product because it will be sold anyway.
3. What are the basic types of media ownership patterns?
monopoly, oligopoly, competition
4. How do the mass media make profits? Why are profits necessary?
They must bring in more money from others than they spend on various expenses. Profits keep the company running.
5. What are some ways that websites make money?
Advertising
Subscriptions (in some cases)
Page 44
1. What is a political economist?
Someone who analyzes patterns of class domination and economic power.
2. How can the evening TV news create a hegemony of ideas?
They can shape thought for people by deciding how to present the story.
3. What is the essence of the feminist critique of the media?
They analyze stereotypes of how women are portrayed in the media.
4. How do genres develop?
Enough similar stories develop based on interactions between their producers and the audience.
Page 51
1. Give examples of people who are gatekeepers.
editor
news directors
owners
2. What are the main social functions of the mass media?
Allows people to be connected and in touch with current events
3. Using the "diffusion of innovations" paradigm, explain how VCRs spread through society.
A select group of people bought the expensive VCR. Then, when manufacturing costs and subsequently retail costs were lowered, more people bought them. It got to the point where they were a necessity for stuff like movies that the rest of the people had to catch up with the culture and bought one.
4. How does technological determinism differ from cultural determinism?
Technological determinism is the theory that the media sparks a media trend among the masses. Cultural determinism is the idea that people are the driving forces for a change.
1. What are economies of scale?
Costs go down while production increases.
2. Why is the first copy of a mass-media production expensive?
On the first run, demand is usually higher than supply. Thus, a company can charge more for a new product because it will be sold anyway.
3. What are the basic types of media ownership patterns?
monopoly, oligopoly, competition
4. How do the mass media make profits? Why are profits necessary?
They must bring in more money from others than they spend on various expenses. Profits keep the company running.
5. What are some ways that websites make money?
Advertising
Subscriptions (in some cases)
Page 44
1. What is a political economist?
Someone who analyzes patterns of class domination and economic power.
2. How can the evening TV news create a hegemony of ideas?
They can shape thought for people by deciding how to present the story.
3. What is the essence of the feminist critique of the media?
They analyze stereotypes of how women are portrayed in the media.
4. How do genres develop?
Enough similar stories develop based on interactions between their producers and the audience.
Page 51
1. Give examples of people who are gatekeepers.
editor
news directors
owners
2. What are the main social functions of the mass media?
Allows people to be connected and in touch with current events
3. Using the "diffusion of innovations" paradigm, explain how VCRs spread through society.
A select group of people bought the expensive VCR. Then, when manufacturing costs and subsequently retail costs were lowered, more people bought them. It got to the point where they were a necessity for stuff like movies that the rest of the people had to catch up with the culture and bought one.
4. How does technological determinism differ from cultural determinism?
Technological determinism is the theory that the media sparks a media trend among the masses. Cultural determinism is the idea that people are the driving forces for a change.
Tuesday, February 1, 2011
Project 1
For my first New Media project, I had to use a way to both write out "English for New Media" in a creative way and use a digital way to upload it. I used spaghetti for the letters and iPhoto combined with QuickTime for the construction and upload of the pictures.
Monday, January 31, 2011
Things the Grandchildren Should Know
The video I will share was made by Mark Oliver Everett, known as E. He created a band called Eels. He is the only stable member of the band. He wrote a book called Thing the Grandchildren Should Know. It is an autobiography. I have not read the book, but I do know that all of his immediate family and his cousin perished in tragic circumstances. This video is a strange commercial promoting his book. If you are offended by elephant sex and tiger attacks that last for a few seconds, you might not want to watch. Otherwise, enjoy.
Friday, January 28, 2011
Chapter 1 Questions
Page 11
1. List four examples of the convergence phenomenon.
AOL Time-Warner (television, Internet)
Apple (computers, music, phone)
Roku (video through the Internet displayed by the TV)
Tivo (DVRs)
2. What is meant by the term information society?
Information is easily accessed by the people through mass communication.
3.What are three conventional mass media?
TV
radio
Internet
4. What is the difference between analog and digital?
digital: data compressed into 1s and 0s
analog: data that is in the form by light and sound signals
5.Name areas in which communication regulations are shifting.
music
video games
television
Page 16
1. What were the media forms in preagricultural society?
Spoken language
2. What media evolved in industrial societies?
Print media in the form of newspapers, due in large part to the invention of the printing press.
3. What changes led to the development of the information society?
digital communication and the computer
4.Which media have become purely digital from end to end?
cable and satellite
Page 24
1. What does the acronym SMCR stand for?
Source-Message-Channel-Receiver
2. Use the SMCR model to describe what happens when you watch TV.
Source: Television network
Message: words, sounds, moving images
Channel: broadcast
Receiver: View
3. Is an automated teller machine interactive? Explain.
Yes, it adjusts the options you can choose based on your previous inputs.
4. Name three examples of social media.
Facebook
MySpace
Twitter
5. How do the "new media" differ from the "old media"?
New media allows a large mass of people to interact with the system. Old media was controlled by a select few.
1. List four examples of the convergence phenomenon.
AOL Time-Warner (television, Internet)
Apple (computers, music, phone)
Roku (video through the Internet displayed by the TV)
Tivo (DVRs)
2. What is meant by the term information society?
Information is easily accessed by the people through mass communication.
3.What are three conventional mass media?
TV
radio
Internet
4. What is the difference between analog and digital?
digital: data compressed into 1s and 0s
analog: data that is in the form by light and sound signals
5.Name areas in which communication regulations are shifting.
music
video games
television
Page 16
1. What were the media forms in preagricultural society?
Spoken language
2. What media evolved in industrial societies?
Print media in the form of newspapers, due in large part to the invention of the printing press.
3. What changes led to the development of the information society?
digital communication and the computer
4.Which media have become purely digital from end to end?
cable and satellite
Page 24
1. What does the acronym SMCR stand for?
Source-Message-Channel-Receiver
2. Use the SMCR model to describe what happens when you watch TV.
Source: Television network
Message: words, sounds, moving images
Channel: broadcast
Receiver: View
3. Is an automated teller machine interactive? Explain.
Yes, it adjusts the options you can choose based on your previous inputs.
4. Name three examples of social media.
MySpace
5. How do the "new media" differ from the "old media"?
New media allows a large mass of people to interact with the system. Old media was controlled by a select few.
Sunday, January 23, 2011
Multimedia Devices
I own a(n):
iPod touch (games, video, music, internet etc.)
5th generation iPod (This is one of the first iPod models that played video. It was my only iPod for about three years. However, it did not hold a charge for more than 45 minutes after awhile. Hence, the reason I got an iPod Touch. My old iPod serves as my car iPod, where it can be plugged in all the time.)
PlayStation 3 (same as the iPod, except add Netflix and MLB.tv (the holy grail for a baseball fan) on the TV)
cell phone (calling/texting, alarm clock, a beyond crappy camera that I never use; just a simple phone)
Nintendo Wii (I only use it for games, but it can play Netflix. I essentially abandoned it when I got my PlayStation 3.)
MacBook (It's a computer, so computer stuff.)
32-inch Philips LCD TV (720p/1080i-capable; bought this around Christmas; After owning TVs no bigger than 24 inches, this makes me feel like I graduated into big boy land in terms of TV ownership.)
iPod touch (games, video, music, internet etc.)
5th generation iPod (This is one of the first iPod models that played video. It was my only iPod for about three years. However, it did not hold a charge for more than 45 minutes after awhile. Hence, the reason I got an iPod Touch. My old iPod serves as my car iPod, where it can be plugged in all the time.)
PlayStation 3 (same as the iPod, except add Netflix and MLB.tv (the holy grail for a baseball fan) on the TV)
cell phone (calling/texting, alarm clock, a beyond crappy camera that I never use; just a simple phone)
Nintendo Wii (I only use it for games, but it can play Netflix. I essentially abandoned it when I got my PlayStation 3.)
MacBook (It's a computer, so computer stuff.)
32-inch Philips LCD TV (720p/1080i-capable; bought this around Christmas; After owning TVs no bigger than 24 inches, this makes me feel like I graduated into big boy land in terms of TV ownership.)
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